Genetic engineering enables scientists to produce clones of cells or organisms that contain the same genes.
1. Scientists use restriction enzymes to isolate a segment of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contains a gene of interest—for example, the gene regulating insulin production.
2. A plasmid removed from a bacterium and treated with the same restriction enzyme binds with the DNA fragment to form a hybrid plasma.
3. The hybrid plasmid is re-inserted back into the bacterium, where it replicates as part of the cell’s DNA.
4. A large number of identical daughter cells (clones) can be cultured and their gene products extracted for human use.
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